A methodology for systematic mapping in environmental sciences

Systematic mapping was developed in social sciences in response to a lack of empirical data when answering questions using systematic review methods, and a need for a method to describe the literature across a broad subject of interest. Systematic mapping does not attempt to answer a specific question as do systematic reviews, but instead collates, describes and catalogues available evidence (e.g. primary, secondary, theoretical, economic) relating to a topic or question of interest. The included studies can be used to identify evidence for policy-relevant questions, knowledge gaps (to help direct future primary research) and knowledge clusters (sub-sets of evidence that may be suitable for secondary research, for example systematic review).

Evidence synthesis in environmental sciences faces similar challenges to those found in social sciences. Here the authors describe the translation of systematic mapping methodology from social sciences for use in environmental sciences.

The authors discuss the similarities and differences in methodology between systematic review and systematic mapping and provide guidance for those choosing which type of synthesis is most suitable for their requirements. Furthermore, the merits and uses of systematic mapping are discussed and recommendations are made for improving this evolving methodology in environmental sciences.