The researches examine institutional complexity in terms of the problem-structural characteristics of an issue area and the associated demand for, and supply of, private authority. These characteristics can help explain the degree of centrality of intergovernmental institutions, as well as the distribution of governance functions between these and private governance institutions. When this framework is applied to the three emerging areas of climate governance (REDD+, SLCPs and climate engineering), the findings show that conflicts over means and values, as well as over relatively and absolutely assessed goods, lead to considerable variations in the emergence and roles of private institutions.
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