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Unveiling pervasive assumptions: moving beyond the poverty-biodiversity loss association in conservation

This paper challenges the persistent assumption that poverty is a primary driver of biodiversity loss in conservation practice. It explores why this narrative endures despite counter-evidence and suggests that embracing a Connected Conservation approach could lead to more equitable and effective conservation outcomes.

Mairon G. Bastos Lima / Published on 16 June 2025

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Citation

Carmenta, R., Bastos Lima, M. G., Choiruzzad, S. A., Dawson, N., Estrada-Carmona, N., Hicks, C., Kallis, G., Nana, E., Killick, E., Lees, A., Martin, A., Pascual, U., Pettorelli, N., Reed, J., Turnhout. E., Vira, B., Zaehringer, J., & Barlow, J. (2025). Unveiling pervasive assumptions: moving beyond the poverty-biodiversity loss association in conservation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 74, 101537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2025.101537

This paper reflects on the continued persistence of the idea in conservation research and practice that poverty drives biodiversity loss (the poverty-biodiversity loss association [PBLA]). The authors draw on evidence to show how the PBLA has proven resistant to counter-evidence and is particularly visible at local-level implementation, and is often implicit in conservation strategies. They untangle three underlying reasons that help to explain why the PBLA has persisted under a verisimilitude (seeming truth) that can leave it hiding in plain sight. In doing so, the authors offer conservation science and practice the means to recognize and thereby remedy this thinking where it exists, and in so doing, advance conservation towards its aims of equitable and effective delivery. They outline how the Connected Conservation model may be better equipped to challenge the disproportionate role of wealth in biodiversity decline whilst empowering biodiversity stewards and their plural knowledge, values and governance systems.

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SEI author

Mairon G. Bastos Lima
Mairon G. Bastos Lima

Senior Research Fellow

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