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Operationalizing indivisibility – synergies and trade-offs in six Swedish municipalities’ work with the 2030 Agenda

This article examines the localization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a mechanism to organize and communicate sustainability work. It argues that operationalizing the indivisibility of SDGs can be regarded as strategic approach to manage synergies and trade-offs effectively.

Sara Gottenhuber, Henrik Carlsen, Björn-Ola Linnér, Nina Weitz / Published on 23 September 2025

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Citation

Gottenhuber, S., Carlsen, H., Linnér, B.-O., & Weitz, N. (2025). Operationalizing indivisibility – synergies and trade-offs in six Swedish municipalities’ work with the 2030 Agenda. Sustainable Development, 33(4), 5642–5660. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3422

Aerial view of central Örebro on a summer evening

Evening view of central Örebro

Photo: Marcus Lindstrom / Getty Images

Operationalizing the indivisibility and integrated nature of the UN 2030 Agenda poses a complex governance challenge. Although research has advanced the understanding of SDG localization and interlinkages, important gaps remain. In this paper, the authors depart from these two strands of literature by asking how synergies and trade-offs manifest in localized SDG programs and what governance opportunities, challenges, and recommendations this may bring.

It was found that the SDGs provide a platform to organize and communicate local sustainability work but that organizational realities will drive prioritization of goals considered connected and synergistic, such as SDG4, SDG9, and SDG11, which stand in contrast with global assessments of interlinkages. In line with emerging literature on the strategic effect of the SDGs on governance, the authors argue that the ethos of indivisibility serves as an important heuristic for civil servants and policy makers beyond prioritizing or reporting progress on global goals.

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SEI authors

Henrik Carlsen
Henrik Carlsen

Senior Research Fellow

SEI Headquarters

Nina Weitz
Nina Weitz

Senior Research Fellow

SEI Headquarters