A complex interplay of social, economic, political, and agricultural factors influences the resilience of Indigenous rice farming communities. Employing thematic analysis of expert interviews and focus group discussions, complemented by Latent Class Analysis of survey data, the authors identify the social networks upon which farmers depend.

This mixed methods approach enables them to uncover distinct subgroups within these networks that provide support for managing various challenges, assisting with farm tasks, offering financial assistance, and sharing agricultural knowledge.

By delineating these subgroups, the authors advocate for the development of targeted policies that address the unique needs of each group. Recognising and understanding the significance of affective relationships in the formation of social networks is essential for strengthening the resilience of Indigenous farmers, empowering them to navigate contemporary challenges while preserving their cultural heritage.