Key messages

• Access to and provision of energy in humanitarian settings requires complete transformation. Access is severely inadequate, and the limited sources available are carbon intensive. Most forcibly displaced people lack access to modern and clean energy sources. Humanitarian operations rely heavily on diesel, creating high costs, emissions and operational inefficiencies.

• Private-sector financiers have been put off by high perceived risks in humanitarian settings. Refugee contexts are seen as impermanent, and refugees are viewed as having low-credit worthiness – despite the long-term nature of many refugee communities, clear and growing demand, and strong evidence of very high repayment rates.

• Some evidence suggests that financial guarantees can work effectively for humanitarian organizations. However, the viability for refugee households and businesses remains a question because of a lack of studies. Financial sustainability is a challenge, and the full economy of guaranteed investments is still unclear.

• Enhancing understanding the potential impacts of financial guarantees for humanitarian energy requires targeted research. Analysis should examine the commercial viability of such mechanisms and how the finance system for refugee energy may become self-sustaining. Most mechanisms remain donor dependent. Guarantees are typically packaged with subsidized fees and grant-financed technical assistance, so the full cost of market-building must be accounted for alongside the guarantee itself.