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Project

INGENIOUS: Understanding the sources, transformations and fates of indoor air pollutants

part of Indoor air quality

Many of the activities we do in our own homes produce airborne pollutants, including particles and chemicals that can be harmful to our health. We don’t know exactly where all of these pollutants come from, how they interact with each other or where they end up. The INGENIOUS project will investigate these unknowns and deliver useful interventions to limit exposure. It focuses on homes in the city of Bradford, UK.

Inactive project

2021–2026

Project contact

Sarah West / sarah.west@sei.org

Bradford City Hall and Centenary Square at night

Bradford City Hall and Centenary Square at night. Photo: Kelvinjay / Getty Images.

Photo: kelvinjay / Getty images

Why do we need to understand indoor air pollution?

UK residents spend around 90% of their time indoors, yet regulations to address air pollution focus almost solely on outdoor exposure. Indoor air pollution takes many forms, from particulate matter such as dust and soot from wood burners to gases like carbon monoxide from gas stoves. Breathing in these particles and gases are bad for our health and poor indoor air quality has been linked to lung diseases including asthma, cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

About the project

SEI is taking part in a £2.9 million UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) project to better understand how the composition and concentration of indoor air pollutants vary and how this exposure affects people in their homes.

The project will focus on homes in the city of Bradford, which, like many other parts of the UK, is affected by poor air quality. Bradford has a multi-ethnic population and high levels of deprivation, with some of the highest childhood illness rates in the UK.

Watch a short animation introducing the project

This animation introduces the project and explains what is involved for participants. Production: Digifish.

A team of scientists from four universities, including SEI York based at the University of York, will work with the Bradford Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Born In Bradford study – a long-term research programme following children born in the city – to better understand the potential impacts of poor indoor air quality on ill health.

The team will quantify and identify:

  • the composition and concentrations of air pollutants within indoor spaces, such as those from cooking and cleaning;
  • how air pollutants react chemically and transform over time, including when different air pollutants mix;
  • how air pollutants from indoor air sources affect outdoor air quality and vice versa;
  • how different household behaviours affect the production of and exposure to air pollutants and how this affects health outcomes and inequalities;
  • which behaviour change interventions are most effective at reducing exposure to indoor air pollution; and
  • which recommendations to take forward as policy solutions.
Aerial view of Bradford city centre, Yorkshire, UK

Aerial view of Bradford city centre, Yorkshire, UK. Photo: SAKhanPhotography / Getty Images.

SEI York’s contribution will focus on the co-production and evaluation of behaviour change interventions and the development of policy recommendations. To do this, SEI will communicate with homeowners, tenants and communities about the risks associated with indoor air pollution exposure and the actions they can take to reduce their exposure.

SEI will also work with local authorities, planners and developers to identify suitable policy recommendations for addressing this issue in homes across the city and provide a blueprint for applying these measures in homes and businesses across the UK.

“This study is the first of its kind to look in such detail at the pollution inside people’s homes in the UK, particularly focusing on poorer households. At SEI, we will be using our strengths in policy engagement and citizen science to work with decision-makers and local residents to identify how householders and local authorities can reduce exposure to air pollution in the home.

Once we have examined the different behaviours that influence a person’s exposure to indoor air pollution, for example, using fans whilst cooking or opening windows to increase ventilation, we will then provide advice to householders and local authorities on the changes they can make to improve air quality in the home.”

– Dr Sarah West, who is leading SEI’s contribution to the study

SEI Team

Sarah West

Professor and Centre Director

SEI York

Jennifer Aghaji

Communications Specialist

Communications

SEI York


INGENIOUS project logo

INGENIOUS project logo: Aninna Diston.

May 2026

INGENIOUS project concludes: What you need to know about indoor air pollution 

After four and a half years of research, the INGENIOUS project (Understanding the sources, transformations, and fates of Indoor air pollutants) has officially concluded. Funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and running from 2021 to 2026, INGENIOUS united researchers from across the UK to explore a question that affects us all: what is in the air inside our homes?

Although outdoor air pollution often captures public attention, most people spend around 80% of their time indoors. Nevertheless, indoor air quality remains poorly understood. Through a comprehensive study of over 300 homes in Bradford, in partnership with the Born in Bradford study, the INGENIOUS team examined how housing conditions, ventilation, daily routines, and social factors influence indoor air pollution.

The findings reveal that many everyday activities significantly contribute to indoor pollution. Cooking, cleaning, combustion appliances, building materials, and fragranced products were identified as key sources of pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

A particularly striking discovery was that indoor air often had higher pollution levels than outdoor air. Emissions from cooking routinely produced pollutant concentrations exceeding WHO guidelines, with pollution levels varying notably based on ventilation practices, housing type, and occupant behaviour.

The research also shed light on notable inequalities in exposure. The most deprived households experienced particulate matter levels twice as high as those in the least deprived households. Homes with gas stoves, rented properties, and households where smoking occurred also tended to have higher pollution levels. Additionally, fuel poverty was associated with conditions favouring damp and mould.

Seasonality was another crucial factor. Pollution levels generally increased during winter months due to reduced ventilation and heightened heating use. The study also showed that airtight homes, while energy-efficient, could trap pollutants indoors if ventilation was inadequate.

Crucially, the study identified practical measures to enhance indoor air quality. These include opening windows regularly, using extractor fans and cooker hoods, ventilating during and after cooking, avoiding mixing different cleaning products, opting for liquid cleaners over sprays, and considering electric or induction hobs as alternatives to gas appliances.

Although the project has now finished, the research continues. Many questions raised by INGENIOUS will be further explored through the new INTERIORS facility at the University of York, where researchers will keep investigating how buildings, behaviours, and materials affect the air we breathe indoors.

We invite you to read the full INGENIOUS Insight report and delve deeper into the project’s findings.

September 2024

INGENIOUS publish new brief on indoor air quality for 2024 International Clean Air for blue skies day

Currently, people spend about 90% of their time indoors, roughly 22 hours a day, which is a big change from previous generations. Given this substantial time spent indoors, it is crucial to prioritize safety within our homes, particularly concerning air pollution risks. However, there are more concerns of the air outdoors and yet, the air inside our homes, where we spend a significant portion of our lives, can harbor a myriad of pollutants that impact our health and well-being. From the fumes emitted by household products and the gases from emissions when cooking meals, the sources of indoor air pollution are as diverse as they are pervasive. Sometimes, the seemingly simple choice of whether to ventilate can significantly impact indoor air quality.

In this brief, the authors on the INGENIOUS project focus on indoor air quality in UK homes.  The INGENIOUS project is designed to better understand indoor air quality and how we can take practical steps to improve it. The brief aims to shed light on why addressing indoor air quality should be a paramount concern for everyone.

December 2023

Introducing INGENIOUS New FAQ Section!

Excited to announce the launch of INGENIOUS new FAQ section! This page is designed to answer your most common questions quickly and efficiently on IAQ in the UK and about the project.

Visit the FAQ section here to get started!

Media

Funding

This project is funded by the UKRI Strategic Priorities Fund Clean Air Programme.

The £2.9 million project brings together specialists in environmental, social, medical, engineering, economic, and health issues.

The project is led by Professor Nicola Carslaw at the University of York, Department of Environment and Geography.

Topics and subtopics
Air : Cities, Household energy, Pollution / Health : Cities
Related centres
SEI York
Regions
United Kingdom